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''Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus'' is a bacterial subspecies traditionally isolated from European yogurts. ''Lactobacillus bulgaricus'' GLB44 differs from the rest of the ''L. bulgaricus'' strains as it was isolated from the leaves of ''Galanthus nivalis'' (snowdrop flower) in Bulgaria,〔 becoming the only known strain of this subspecies that has vegan origin (not from yogurt) available as a commercial probiotic.〔 Probiotics are health promoting bacteria which, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer a benefit on the host, normally associated with positive effects on the digestive and immune systems, and are usually prescribed during or after antibiotic treatment to alleviate the symptoms of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.〔 Probiotics are also associated with decreasing of the risk of traveler’s diarrhea. The natural habitat of the snowdrop flower are European mountainous regions. Thus, GLB44 is capable of surviving in freezing temperatures, as the snowdrop flowers between January and May in nature,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://citesbulbs.myspecies.info/category/galanthus-wild-species/galanthus-alpinus ),available on the electronic website: http://citesbulbs.myspecies.info/category/galanthus-wild-species/galanthus-alpinus 〕 when the temperatures can fall below freezing in this region.〔 These characteristics of its natural habitat allows for GLB44 to survive in foods that are plant based and remain unaffected when stored in refrigerator temperatures. GLB44 has inhibitory qualities against bad bacteria such as ''E. Coli'' and Salmonella spp.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Scientific Test Result: www.glb44.org )〕 A research study was completed by a Harvard Medical School Professor at Brigham and Women's Hospital, (Andrew B. Onderdonk, PhD ).〔Professional information for Professor Andrew Onderdonk is available on Channing Laboratory at Harvard Medical School website: http://www.channing.harvard.edu/onderdonk.htm〕 The study has revealed GLB44’s strength and effectiveness against bacterial pathogens.〔 GLB44 has patent pending status in the US for its pathogen inhibitory qualities in vegan foods. All other commercially available strains of ''L. bulgaricus'' are isolated from traditional yogurts and are grown in milk. Distinctly from the other ''L. bulgaricus'', GLB44 grows very well in vegetable juices, given its natural plant habitat.〔 Since all probiotics carry some of the organic matter in which they are grown, GLB44 carries traces of vegetable juice. GLB44 is currently grown in the European Union, in vegetable juice sourced from European farms that are GMO free.〔GMO Free Europe Conference (2012) Electronic Database: http://www.gmo-free-regions.org/gmo-free-regions/bulgaria.html〕 Sourced originally from the leaves of the snowdrop flower, GLB44 differs significantly from other probiotics such as ''L. plantarum'' 299v or ''L. rhamnosus GG'' which are originally extracted from the human mouth.〔Goran Moulin (2010) "Lactobacillus plantarum 299v" as available on the manufacturer website: http://probi.se/files/2009/07/LP299v-10.pdf〕 Others like ''Bifidobacterium'' are extracted from the feces of newborns14, while others such as some strains of ''L. brevis'' come from the human vaginal canal. (GLB44 ) does not have any interface with mammalian organs, only flower leaves and juice.〔GLB44 patent pending status as reported on the branded product website: www.proviotic.com〕 This is important for multiple reasons such as the fact that there is some scientific evidence that if a probiotic grows in the human mouth naturally it could accelerate tooth decay. Also while many probiotics have major allergens in the growth solution, GLB44 has no major allergens as part of its growth medium.〔〔Mark Hyman (2014) "The Health Living Store" as available on the website: http://store.drhyman.com/Store/Show/ListAlphabetically/378/Culturelle-with-Lactobacillus-GG〕 For example the growth medium for ''L. plantarum'' 299v includes barley that has small content of gluten,〔 and ''L. rhamnosus'' GG has small content of casein.〔 The fact that GLB44 is grown in vegetable juice means GLB44 does not contain any of the seven major allergens for which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires additional labeling: lactose, gluten, soya, peanuts, tree nuts, fish or crustacean shellfish.〔, Website Content: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/UCM220117.pdf〕 It is estimated that 30 to 50 million Americans have some degree of lactose intolerance. Certain populations are more affected than others, including 75% of African American, Jewish, Mexican and Native American, and 90% of Asian populations.〔WebMD medical reference website content: http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-lactose-intolerance〕 Thus, having probiotic bacteria such as GLB44 without any lactose is especially important for the lactose sensitive population. Another major difference is the safety tract record of ''L. bulgaricus'' is now over 109 years since it was scientifically isolated.〔 Even well established probiotics such as ''L. rhamnosus'' and ''L. plantarum'' 299v have only a fraction of the safety record with 31 years and 21 years, respectively.,〔〔Patent Search (2014) on the website: http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=US&NR=4839281&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP〕 On the other hand, there are certain similarities between ''L. bulgaricus'' GLB44 and some of the other probiotics. For example ''L. bulgaricus'', ''L. rhamnosus'' GG and ''L. plantarum'' 299v all have scientific records of their ability to pass successfully through the gastrointestinal tract,〔 Also they all have records to inhibit to a degree pathogenic bacteria.,〔〔〔 Finally, all three example probiotics in this comparison have all research tests performed by reputable academic professionals, for the case of GLB44, the research was performed by a Harvard Medical School〔 professor, for the case of ''L. rhamnosus'' GG by two Tufts University professors,〔 and for ''L. plantarum'' 299v by a professor at the Lund University.〔 All three probiotics have commercial brand names in the United States. GLB44 is commercially available under the brand name (ProViotic ) as a probiotic food supplement, ''L. rhamnosus'' GG as (Culturelle ), and ''L. plantarum'' 299v as the ingredient in (GoodBelly ). == History of discovery: the bacillus of long life == The first ''L. bulgaricus'' was discovered more than a century ago, the result of a study into the unusual longevity of mountain villagers in Bulgaria (thus called ''L. bulgaricus'') by Dr. Stamen Grigorov in 1905.〔 In 1912, the New York Times wrote an overview article about the new discovery and the use of fermented yogurts with ''L. bulgaricus'' in Bulgaria titled “Metchnikoff Confirmed in His Theory of Long Life,” highlighting villager baba Vasilka, age 126, as the longest living person in the world. In fact, in these Bulgarian communities there were 3,000 centenarians from a population of 3 million – six times higher than the number of centenarians per capita in the United States today. (In the article ) the author described the discovery as follows: "In Bulgaria, the home of this bacillus, the majority of the natives live to age considerably in excess of what is recognized as the term of life among Western nations, an inquiry has shown that in the Eastern part of Southern Europe, among a population of about 3,000,000, there were more than 3,000 centenarians found performing duties which would not be assigned to a man of 65 years of age elsewhere. It is quite common to find among the peasants who live to such a large extent upon soured milk individuals of 110 and 120 years of age." The article continues in the explanation of these facts: "Prof. Élie Metchnikoff gave to the world the result of his investigation on the subject of longevity in which he held that the chief enemy to long life in the human species the large intestine, or colon. This organ by becoming the breeding place for poisonous microbes, the fertile cause for the debility that comes with old age, and the death that cuts off many a career of normal course is not nearly run." "Acids are the best antiseptics; they have been used from time immemorial as preservatives; pickles are persevered with vinegar, acidic acid, and when milk is allowed to sour under proper conditions, the germs of putrefaction are destroyed or their activity inhibited, and it keeps a considerable time. How can acids be applied so as to control the bacterial flora of the large intestine? Not in the ordinary way because, when administered through the mouth, they are used up long before they can penetrate the colon. The brilliant idea occurred to Prof. Metchnikoff of the administering acid-producing germs which might work their way through the digestive system, and, reaching the large intestine, produce the acid required. After much experimenting, the bacillus of Massol, Bacillus Bulgaricus was adopted as the most suitable." Since Metchnikoff, advances in science have uncovered that the process of pathogenic inhibition is more complex than simply increasing the acidity in the colon, as the probiotic bacteria produce bacteriocins, bacterial synthesized proteins that inhibit pathogenic bacteria.〔Ghaffoori H, Arif H, Musleh R, (2012) "Partial Purification of Bulgaricin Antibacterial from Lactobacilli", 2012 2nd International Conference on Environment Science and Biotechnology IPCBEE vol.48 (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore available on the website: http://www.ipcbee.com/vol48/008-ICESB2012-B10007.pdf〕 In the case of L. bulgaricus this bacteriocin is called bulgaricin.〔 Also there is a complex interplay between the probiotic bacteria and the body’s immune system in the large intestine, where the good bacteria stimulate the body’s own immune system to inhibit the pathogenic bacteria. For example, in a controlled study, 61 elderly volunteers, after 6 months of a daily dose of ''L. bulgaricus'', responded to the intake of probiotic with an increase in the percentage of NK cells, an improvement in the parameters defining the immune risk profile (IRP), and an increase in the T cell subsets that are less differentiated. The probiotic group also showed decreased concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 but increased antimicrobial peptide hBD-2.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lactobacillus bulgaricus GLB44」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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